作者：納蘭雪敏
退休後的帝國與小欣欣豆漿店的結盟（The Alliance Between the Post-Retirement Empire and Xiao Xin Xin Soy Milk Shop）
【冰質財經】20240630(日)-孫運璿與工研院一念之間，張忠謀退休後的帝國（【ICI Finance】2024/06/30 (Sun) - Sun Yun-suan and the Industrial Technology Research Institute: A Moment of Decision, the Empire of Morris Chang After Retirement）
I have written quite a few articles about the founding story of TSMC. Because of these stories, some influencers and media outlets have reached out to me inquiring about copyright, and I have always provided it free of charge. I hope that in the future, this chapter of history will not just be remembered for Morris Chang but also for Sun Yun-suan. Sun Yun-suan represents the selfless greatness of officials of that era. Beyond his selflessness, he demonstrated profound foresight, envisioning the future. Not only did he foresee the future, but he also understood the importance of respecting entrepreneurs and enabling the government to provide resources to support industries.
每次其實寫到這段故事我都會潸然淚下，並且羨慕那個時代有這麼無私的官員，所以我希望更多的人看到孫運璿的故事，並傳遞與延續這種精神給全世界。
Every time I write about this story, I can’t help but be moved to tears, deeply admiring an era that had such selfless officials. Therefore, I hope more people will learn about the story of Sun Yun-suan and help share and carry forward this spirit to the entire world.
但今天的故事將從張忠謀已經建立台積電開始，聚焦在台積電與張忠謀戰略性發展台積電的過程，2017年10月2日張忠謀宣布將在2018年6月正式退休，所以張忠謀自己出版的自傳就寫到2018年為止，因為2018年以後就是他的私人退休生活了。
Today’s story begins with Morris Chang already having established TSMC, focusing on the strategic development of TSMC under his leadership. On October 2, 2017, Morris Chang announced that he would officially retire in June 2018. As a result, his autobiography, written by himself, covers only up to 2018, as everything beyond that marks the beginning of his private retirement life.
台積電至2024年Q2根據TrendForce的統計，已經佔據全球晶圓代工市場62.3%，且受到AI基礎建設快速發展，從2022年的55.4％提高到2023年的58.9％，再進一步提高到62.3%，也代表其他的晶圓代工廠的市場占有率持續下降。
As of Q2 2024, TSMC has captured 62.3% of the global wafer foundry market, according to TrendForce’s statistics. This growth is driven by the rapid development of AI infrastructure, with TSMC’s market share increasing from 55.4% in 2022 to 58.9% in 2023, and further rising to 62.3% in 2024. This also indicates a continuous decline in market share for other wafer foundries.
台積電在創立初期，張忠謀寫信給日本與美國巨頭，當時INTEL、三菱、東芝都是半導體的巨頭，最後都不願意投資台積電，只有飛利浦出資。
In its early days, TSMC faced challenges in securing investment as Morris Chang reached out to semiconductor giants in Japan and the United States. At that time, companies like Intel, Mitsubishi, and Toshiba were industry leaders, but none were willing to invest in TSMC. Ultimately, only Philips decided to provide funding.
半導體最早期的模式不是Fabless，而是IDM（Integrated Device Manufacturer）模式，也就是所謂的垂直整合，也就是自己設計開發，也自己製造，後來Fabless的模式才逐漸發展出來，Fabless的出現與台積電關係很大，當時聯電與台積電創立後使得許多IC設計公司可以把IC製造外包，Broadcom、NVIDIA和Qualcomm這類型的IC設計公司於是陸續出現。
The earliest model in the semiconductor industry was not the Fabless model but the IDM (Integrated Device Manufacturer) model, which is also known as vertical integration. This means companies handled both the design and manufacturing processes in-house. Later, the Fabless model gradually emerged, largely thanks to the establishment of TSMC. With the founding of UMC and TSMC, many IC design companies were able to outsource IC manufacturing. As a result, IC design companies like Broadcom, NVIDIA, and Qualcomm began to appear.
台積電成立的兩年後，美蘇冷戰結束，大量的資訊技術釋放到民間，所以出現許多商業應用，Broadcom、NVIDIA和Qualcomm這類型的IC設計公司就是這時候成立的，2018年初台積電市值新台幣7兆元左右，到了2024年12月12日已經達到新台幣27兆元以上。
Two years after TSMC was established, the Cold War between the U.S. and the Soviet Union ended, leading to the release of a vast amount of information technology into the civilian sector. This gave rise to numerous commercial applications, and IC design companies such as Broadcom, NVIDIA, and Qualcomm were founded during this period. In early 2018, TSMC’s market capitalization was around NT$7 trillion. By December 12, 2024, it had surpassed NT$27 trillion.
台積電為了保護客戶的秘密，員工上班是不能攜帶照相手機，也不能將公司的email轉寄到私人信箱，違反相關規定都會被扣除獎金，這就是因為晶圓代工產業會接觸到客戶的IC設計機密。
To protect its customers’ secrets, TSMC employees are not allowed to bring phones with cameras to work or forward company emails to personal inboxes. Violations of these rules result in deductions from bonuses. This is because the wafer foundry industry inevitably deals with clients’ IC design confidential information.
日本原本是半導體產業的巨頭，但因為無法適應Fabless模式市佔率不斷衰退，半導體企業以IDM模式發展，但當時Broadcom、NVIDIA和Qualcomm陸續成立，日本產業沒有意識到IDM模式致命的缺點是因為自己的晶圓代工只能服務於自己的產品，無法接觸大量的客戶累積不同的IC設計經驗，反觀晶圓代工行業因為接觸大量的客戶所以可以接觸到全球的IC設計並累積大量的製程經驗，並且優化量產的成本與製程，產生更大的規模經濟，INTEL後來意識到以後也太晚，且INTEL即便開放了晶圓代工業務接收其他公司的訂單，會遇到的第二個問題是，比如AMD等同業會因為擔心機密外洩並不敢把自己的訂單交給INTEL，所以IC設計與代工分拆不同公司的專業發展有他邏輯上成功的原因。
Japan was once a giant in the semiconductor industry, but its inability to adapt to the Fabless model has led to a continuous decline in market share. Semiconductor companies initially followed the IDM (Integrated Device Manufacturer) model, which combined design and manufacturing within the same company. However, during the rise of companies like Broadcom, NVIDIA, and Qualcomm, Japan failed to recognize a critical flaw in the IDM model: the reliance on in-house foundries limits the ability to serve external customers and hinders the accumulation of diverse IC design experiences.
In contrast, the foundry industry, by working with a wide range of customers globally, gains exposure to numerous IC designs and builds extensive process expertise. This allows foundries to optimize production costs and processes, achieving greater economies of scale. By the time Intel realized this and attempted to pivot, it was too late. Even as Intel opened its foundry services to external orders, it faced a second challenge: competitors like AMD were hesitant to entrust their orders to Intel due to concerns over potential leaks of proprietary information. This highlights the logical success of separating IC design and manufacturing into distinct companies, enabling each to specialize and thrive in its respective field.
商業上的成功以外，政府的大力支持是台積電初期成功的關鍵，當時1985年 9 月，李國鼎邀請張忠謀到行政院，當時有三家IC設計公司需要半導體工廠，都是以記憶體IC為主，當時的行政院長是俞國華，因為孫運璿在1984年2月24日已經中風辭去行政院長，張忠謀與工研院副院長胡定華、電子所所長史欽泰跟俞國華簡報，史欽泰後來擔任新竹清華大學的科技管理學院院長，胡定華後來創立旺宏電子，在2019年已經過世。
Beyond its commercial success, the strong support of the government was a key factor in TSMC’s early achievements. In September 1985, Lee Kuo-Ting invited Morris Chang to the Executive Yuan to address the needs of Taiwan’s emerging semiconductor industry. At that time, three IC design companies required a semiconductor manufacturing facility, primarily focusing on memory ICs.
The Premier at the time was Yu Kuo-Hwa, as Sun Yun-Suan had suffered a stroke and resigned as Premier on February 24, 1984. Morris Chang, along with Hu Ding-Hua, Deputy Director of the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI), and Shi Chin-Tai, Director of the Electronics Research and Service Organization (ERSO), presented their proposal to Yu. Shi Chin-Tai later became the Dean of the College of Technology Management at National Tsing Hua University in Hsinchu, while Hu Ding-Hua went on to establish Macronix International and passed away in 2019.
張忠謀回到臺灣時雖然已經是1985年的8月，當時孫運璿已經中風辭去行政院長，但工研院的計畫是孫運璿一手催生，之後張忠謀先擔任工研院長，1987年的2月21日才創立了台積電，這計畫最早在1974年就已經由孫運璿規劃，1994年台積電在證交所掛牌上市代號2330，1997年到美國證券交易所以TSM為代號開始交易。
When Morris Chang returned to Taiwan in August 1985, former Premier Sun Yun-suan had already resigned due to a stroke. However, the Industrial Technology Research Institute (ITRI) project that led to the creation of TSMC was originally spearheaded by Sun Yun-suan. Morris Chang initially served as the president of ITRI and later founded TSMC on February 21, 1987. This project was first planned by Sun Yun-suan as early as 1974. In 1994, TSMC was listed on the Taiwan Stock Exchange under the ticker symbol 2330, and in 1997, it began trading on the New York Stock Exchange with the ticker symbol TSM.
台積電1987年創立時，行政院開發基金股份佔據48.3%，第二大股東荷蘭飛利浦，持有27.5%，第三大股東也是政府拜託投資的台塑集團佔據24.2%，三大股東覆蓋了台積電所有的股份，三大股東目前僅剩下行政院開發基金股份到2024年11月仍然持有6.38%。
In 1987, when TSMC was founded, the Executive Yuan’s Development Fund held a 48.3% stake, making it the largest shareholder. The second-largest shareholder, Philips from the Netherlands, owned 27.5%, while the third-largest shareholder, the Formosa Plastics Group, which was encouraged by the government to invest, held 24.2%. These three major shareholders collectively accounted for all of TSMC’s shares at the time. As of November 2024, only the Executive Yuan’s Development Fund remains among the original shareholders, holding a reduced stake of 6.38%.
台積電在2000年3月30日時啟用全球最大晶圓廠，台積六廠，位於台南科學園區，潔淨室區域有十九萬平方英尺，約 5,338.34 台坪，台坪是臺灣特有的面積計算單位，滿載產能每月約可量產 50,000 片八吋晶圓，還包括一條單月產能 4,500 片的十二吋晶圓生產線， 初期以0.25 微米CMOS製程技術切入，並將陸續導入 0.18 微米至 0.10 微米等更先進的製程技術，0.25 微米相當於250奈米。
On March 30, 2000, TSMC inaugurated Fab 6, the world’s largest semiconductor fab at the time, located in the Tainan Science Park. The cleanroom area spans 190,000 square feet, approximately 5,338.34 “Tai ping,” a unique unit of area measurement in Taiwan. At full capacity, the fab can produce approximately 50,000 8-inch wafers per month, along with a production line capable of manufacturing 4,500 12-inch wafers monthly. Initially, the fab employed 0.25-micron CMOS process technology and planned to progressively introduce more advanced process technologies ranging from 0.18 microns to 0.10 microns. Notably, 0.25 microns is equivalent to 250 nanometers.
 - 台積電的前世今生，世界最成功的晶圓代工之王){kind=link}
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